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TACTICAL EMS PROTOCOLS considerations. While further evaluation may be needed prior to the implementa- tion of these protocol topics, they serve as a good foundation for the creation of new TEMS protocols. REFERENCES 1. Weiss J, Davis M. Medics Under Fire. http://fi rechief. com/suppression/tactics/medics_under_fi re/. 2. Feldman MB, Schwartz B, Morrison LJ. Effectiveness of tactical emergency medical support: a systematic review. The Ipperwash Inquiry. www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov. on.ca/inquiries/ipperwash/policy_part/research/. 3. Burke T. The tactical medic: Not just for SWAT ops. Emergency Medical Services, 35:54–56. 4. Schwartz RB, McManus JG, Swienton RE. Tactical Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2008. 5. Evans B. The time for tactical medics has arrived. http://fi rechief.com/ems/tactical-medics-enforcement- training-200906/. 6. Weinstein ES, Mastrianni F. Applied concepts: Public policy and other considerations. In R. B. Schwartz, J. G. McManus, & R. E. Swienton (Eds), Tactical Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2008. 7. Rinnert KJ, Hall WL. Tactical emergency medical support. Emergency Medical Clinics of North America 20: 929–952, 2002. 8. Counter-Narcotics and Terrorism Operational Medical Support (CONTOMS) Program. CONTOMS Emergency Medical Technician-Tactical (EMT-T) Provider Course Manual. Washington, DC, 2010. 9. American College of Emergency Physicians. Policy Statement on Tactical Emergency Medical Support. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 45:108, 2005. 10. Butler F, Holcomb J, Giebner S, et al. Tactical combat casualty care 2007: Evolving concepts and battlefi eld experience. Military Medicine, 172:S1–S19. 11. Giduck J. Terror in America's schools. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 33 [Suppl]: 4–10, 2008. 12. Shertz MD, Johnson T, Crawford DM, Rayfi eld J. Tactical combat casualty care. In R. B. Schwartz, J. G. McManus, & R. E. Swienton (Eds), Tactical Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2008. 13. American College of Surgeons. ATLS Student Course Manual (8th ed). Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons, 2008. 14. Cain JS. From the battlefi eld to our streets. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 33 [Suppl]: 16–23, 2008. 15. National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians. Prehospital Trauma Life Support (6th Salomone & P. T. Pons (Eds), Mosby: St. Louis, MO, 2007. ed). J. P. 16. van Stralen D. The origins of EMS in military medicine. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 33 [Suppl], 11–15, 2008. 17. Lairet JR, McManus JG. Triage. In R. B. Schwartz, J. G. McManus, & R. E. Swienton (Eds), Tactical Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2008. 18. Mell HK, Sztajnkrycer MD. EMS response to Columbine: Lessons learned. Internet Journal of Rescue and Disaster Medicine, 5, 2005. 19. Eastman AL, Sharma NK, Huebner KD. Team composition and basic capabilities and equipment. In R. B. Schwartz, J. G. McManus, & R. E. Swienton (Eds), Tactical Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2008. 20. Gerhardt RT. Tactical en route care. In R. B. Schwartz, J. G. McManus, & R. E. Swienton (Eds), Tactical Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2008. 21. American College of Emergency Physicians. International Trauma Life Support for Prehospital Care Providers. (6th NJ: Pearson Education, 2008. 22. Fowler RL, Pepe PE, Stevens JT. Shock Evaluation and Management. In J. E. Campbell (Ed), International Trauma Life Support: For prehospital care providers (6th Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2008. 23. McPherson JJ, Feigin DS, Bellamy RF. Prevalence of tension pneumothorax in fatally wounded combat casualties. Journal of Trauma, 60:573–578, 2006. 24. Hayden SR, Sciammarella J, Viccellio P, et al. Colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detector for verifi cation of endotracheal tube placement in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2:499–502, 1995. Elliot D. Carhart, MHS, RRT, EMT-P, EMT-T, is an assistant professor of emergency services at Jefferson College of Health Sciences in Roanoke, VA. He is currently an EdD candidate at Nova Southeastern University, where his studies have focused on healthcare educa- tion. He is a former fi refi ghter/paramedic, registered respiratory therapist, and has experience in tactical EMS and technical rescue. Contact him at carhart. elliot@gmail.com. EMS1202 ed). Upper ed). J. E. Campbell (Ed). Upper Saddle River, For More Information Circle 16 on Reader Service Card EMSWORLD.com | FEBRUARY 2012 31