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EMSWORLD.com | MARCH 2015 45 en hour as a concept rather than a defini- tive 60 minutes, it's important to keep a critical eye out for the next intervention that truly will help patients during their prehospital care. REFERENCES 1. Roberts K, et al. The Nasopharyngeal airway: dispelling myths and establishing facts. Emerg Med J, 2005 Jun; 22(6): 394–396. 2. Ellis DY, et al. Intracranial placement of nasopharyngeal airways: is it all that rare? Emerg Med J, 2006; 23: 661. 3. Steinbruner, et al. Intracranial placement of a nasopharyngeal airway in a gunshot victim. Emerg Med J, 2007; 24: 311. 4. Clancy M, Robinson N. In patients with head injury undergoing rapid sequence intubation, dose pretreatment with intravenous lignocaine/lidocaine lead to an improved neurological outcome? A review of the literature. Emerg Med J, 2001; 18: 453–457. 5. Lin Chi-Chun, et al. Postintubation hemodynamic ef fects of intravenous lidocaine during RSI in severe traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2012; 30: 1782–7. 6. Grover VK, et al. Intracranial changes with dif ferent doses of lignocaine under general anesthesia. Neurol India, 1999; 47: 118–121. 7. Morrissey J, et al. Spinal Motion Restriction: an educational and implementation program to redefne prehospital spinal assessment and care. Prehospital Emergency Care, 2014; 18: 429–432. 8. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors, 8th ed. Chicago, IL: 2008. 9. National Association of EMS Physicians and the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. EMS Spinal Precautions and the use of the Long Backboard. Prehospital Emergency Care, 2013; 17: 392–393. 10. Berg G, et al. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy measurement of Sacral Tissue Oxygenation Saturation in Healthy Volunteers immobilized on Rigid Spine Boards. Prehospital Emergency Care, 2010; 14: 419–424. 11. Zlupko G, et al. Patient Discomfort Due to Indiscriminant Use of Spinal Immobilization, NAEMSP Annual Meeting Abstracts. Prehospital Emergency Care, 2011. 12. Hauswald M, et al. Out-of-Hospital Spinal Immobilization: Its Ef fect on Neurologic Injury. Academic Emergency Medicine, 1998; 5(3): 214–219. 13. Markenson D, et al. 2010 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid. Circulation, 2010; 122: S934–S946. 14. Halm M. Trendelenburg Position: "Put to Bed" or Angled Toward Use in Your Unit? American Journal of Critical Care, 2012; 21(6): 449–452. 15. Shafer J, Naunheim R. Cervical Spine Motion During Extrication: A Pilot Study. West J Emerg Med, 2009; 10: 74–78. 16. Engsberg J, et al. Cervical Spine Motion During Extrication. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2014; 44(1): 122–27. 17. Bulger E, et al. An Evidence-based Prehospital Guideline for External Hemorrhage Control: American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Prehospital Emergency Care, 2014; 18: 163–173. 18. Deakin C, Low J. Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid, femoral, and radial pulses: observational study. BMJ, 2000; 321: 673–4. 19. Galluccio ST, Chapman MJ, Finnis ME. Femoral-radial arterial pressure gradients in critically ill patients. Crit Care Resusc, 2009 Mar; 11(1): 34–8. 20. Newgard, et al. Revisiting the "Golden Hour": An evaluation of out-of-hospital time in shock and traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med, 2015 Jan. 21. Lerner EB, Moscati RM. The golden hour: scientifc fact or medical "urban legend?" Acad Emerg Med, 2001 July; 8(7): 758–60. 22. O'Connor R, Domeier R. An Evaluation of the Pneumatic Anti-shock Garment (PASG) in Various Clinical Settings. Prehospital Emergency Care, 1997; 1(1): 36–44. 23. Hauswald M, Greene R. Regional Blood Flow after Pneumatic Anti-shock Garment Infation. Prehospital Emergency Care, 2003; 7: 225–28. 24. Roberts I, Blackhall K, Dickinson KJ. Medical anti-shock trousers (pneumatic anti-shock garments) for circulatory support in patients with trauma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1999; 4. *For terms and conditions please visit www.buyemp.com/customer-service.html BuyEMP.com You order. We ship (free). * It's that simple. EMP is Now Offering McGRATH ® MAC EMS Video Laryngoscopes Earn 2 Loyalty points per dollar on the purchase of the McGRATH ® MAC EMS Video Laryngoscope – Sign up today! The McGRATH ® MAC EMS Features: Direct and Indirect view, for routine to diffcult airways Built-in video with vertically aligned optics Can be used with and without a stylet 3 disposable Macintosh blade sizes – including pediatric Anti-fog technology – no need to treat or heat the blade Robust – drop tested and designed for impact Long lasting battery – typically 250 minutes Fully immersible for guaranteed sterility For More Information Circle 37 on Reader Service Card