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REFERENCES 1. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Clinical Trials Unit. Clinical Randomisation of an Antifbrinolytic in Signifcant Hemorrhage (CRASH 2). PowerPoint presentation of trial results, www.crash2.lshtm.ac.uk /. 2. Ker K, Kiriya J, Perel P, Edwards P, Shakur H, Roberts I. Avoidable mortality from giving tranexamic acid to bleeding trauma patients: an estimation based on WHO mortality data, a systematic literature review and data from the CRASH-2 trial. BMC Emergency Medicine, www.biomedcentral.com/1471- 227X /12/3. 3. Hess JR. Update on trauma. ISBT Science Series, 2012; 7(1): 37–40. 4. Sepah YJ, Umer M, Ahmad T, Nasim F, Chaudhry MU, Umar M. Use of tranexamic acid is a cost ef fective method in preventing blood loss during and after total knee replacement. J Orthop Surg Res, 2011 May 21; 6: 22. 5. Cyklokapron package insert. New York, NY: Pfzer, Pharmacia & Upjohn Co., 2011. 6. CRASH-2 Collaborators, Roberts I, Shakur H, et al. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: An exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2011; 377(9,771): 1,096–1,101. 7. Boling B, Moore K. Trauma notebook: Tranexamic acid (T X A) use in trauma. J Emerg Nurs, 2012; 38: 496–7. 8. Roberts I, Shakur H, Afolabi A, et al. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: An exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2011; 377(9,771): 1,096–1,101. 9. CRASH-2 trial collaborators, Shakur H, Roberts I, et al. Ef fects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with signifcant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2010 Jul 3; 376(9,734): 23–32. 10. McNab A, Burns B, Bhullar I, et al. Society of university surgeons: A prehospital shock index for trauma correlates with measures of hospital resource use and mortality. Surgery, 2011; 6(5):473–6. 11. Yeguiayan J, Rosencher N, Vivien B. Early administration of tranexamic acid in trauma patients. Lancet, 2011; 378(9,785): 27–8. 12. Schrager JJ, Branson RD, Johannigman JA. Lessons from the tip of the spear: Medical advancements from Iraq and Afghanistan. Respir Care, 2012; 57(8): 1,305–13. 13. Brown, MA, Daya, MR, Worley, JA. Experience with chitosan dressings in a civilian EMS system. J Emerg Med, 2009; 37(1): 1–7. 14. Gruen RL, Mitra B. Tranexamic acid for trauma. Lancet, 2011 Mar 26; 377(9,771): 1,052–4. 15. McCormack PL. Tranexamic acid: A review of its use in the treatment of hyper fbrinolysis. Drugs, 2012; 72(5): 585–617. 16. Mitra B, Fitzgerald M, Cameron PA, Gruen RL. Tranexamic acid for trauma. Lancet, 2010; 376(9,746): 1,049; author reply 1,050–1. 17. Moore KM. The four horsemen of the apocalypse of trauma. J Emerg Nurs, 2011;3 7(3): 294–5. 18. Morrison JJ, et al. Military application of tranexamic acid in trauma emergency resuscitation (MAT TERs) study. Arch Surg, 2012; 147(2): 113–9. 19. Roberts I, et al. Tranexamic acid: A recipe for saving lives in traumatic bleeding. Int J Occup Environ Med, 2013; 53(4): 189. 20. Guerriero C, et al. Cost-ef fectiveness analysis of administering tranexamic acid to bleeding trauma patients using evidence from the CRASH-2 trial. PLoS One, 2011; 6(5): e18987. 21. CRASH-2 trial collaborators, Shakur H, Roberts I, et al. Ef fects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with signifcant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2010 Jul 3; 376(9,734): 23–32. 22. Zunini-Fernandez G, et al. Massive transfusion and trauma patient management: Pathophysiological approach to treatment. Circ, 2011; 79(5): 473–80. 23. Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care. Tranexamic Acid (T X A) in Tactical Combat Casualty Care. Guideline Revision Recommendation, 11 August 2011. 24. Muchmore S. EMSA medics on the forefront of administering drug that helps stop bleeding before patient gets to hospital. Tulsa World, June 22, 2013. 25. Wells JC, Stevermer JJ. Trauma care—don't delay with T X A. J Family Practice, 2013 May; 62(5): E4–E6. Thank you to William J. Gephart, PA, RN, CEN, NRP, for the editing assistance. EMSWORLD.com | MARCH 2015 27 Moving fallen people is a regular part of the working day but the repetitive nature of the work can cause serious back injury. The Mangar ELK & Camel infatable lifting cushions provide a safe lift from the foor to a chair or stretcher, whilst minimising the risk of back injury to workers. Infatable lifting cushions are proven to: • Reduce risk of back injury • Protect workers • Reduce costs • Maintain patient dignity Emergency services in the UK, Australia, Canada and the USA are using lifting cushions. 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